1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Motivation Distillation columns play a critical role in petroleum refining, where crude oil is separated into various fractions, such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene, based on boiling points. This process is highly energy-intensive, consuming about 40% of the energy in refining operations. Effective control of distillation columns is essential for […]

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1. Introduction Aluminum production by electrolysis is an energy-intensive process where alumina () is reduced in a cryolite bath () to produce aluminum. The high energy demands of the reduction process underscore the need for optimized cell performance, requiring precise control over energy inputs, heat losses, and chemical interactions within the electrolyte. Effective management of […]

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1. Introduction The development of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) marks a significant advancement in nuclear power technology, bringing with it a host of advantages that could transform the energy landscape. These advantages include reduced capital costs, enhanced safety features, and versatile deployment options that can adapt to various settings—rural areas, industrial sites, or integrated with […]

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